What, Where, When and How of Visual Word Recognition: A Bibliometrics Review.

The neural/mental operations involved in the process of visual word recognition (VWR) are fundamental for the efficient comprehension of written/printed words during reading. The present study used CiteSpace, a visual analysis software, to identify the intellectual landscape where VWR has been reviewed in the past decade. Thus, synthesized co-citation networks were analyzed to explore and discuss the main questions raised in the VWR literature: the research fronts and the emerging trends of research on this topic. Our results showed that the main questions addressed in VWR studies during the last decade have been focused on four main aspects related to "what," "where," "when," and "how" of VWR; to be specific, the different types of representations assessed during VWR ("what"), the locations and the timing of the brain activity involved in VWR ("where" and "when"), and the interactivity among different representations during processing ("how"). Among the revised studies, letter position coding was found to be the main topic of interest, possibly reflecting the critical role of this process. Furthermore, the evidence found in these studies consistently supported that VWR implies access to phonological, semantic, and morphological representations, which interact and modulate the processing of written words, particularly during early stages. Altogether, our findings showed the evolution in VWR literature regarding the different cognitive and neural operations involved in this process, highlighting the growing interest over the last decade toward the top-down way that mental representations interact.

The contrastive value of lexical stress in visual word recognition: evidence from Spanish / El valor contrastivo del acento léxico en el reconocimiento visual de palabras: evidencia del español

BACKGROUND: Many pairs of words in Spanish, in particular many verbal forms, differ only in the syllable stressed, such as aNImo (I encourage) and aniMÓ (he encouraged). Consequently, word stress may acquire a lexical contrastive value that has been confirmed by Dupoux, Pallier, Sebastian, and Mehler (1997) for Spanish speakers though not for French speakers in auditory perception. METHOD: This study contrasts the priming effect produced by pairs of written words that differ only in their stress pattern with the priming effect in repetition priming, stress only priming (with no orthographic relation), and morphological priming, in visual word recognition. RESULTS: The results, using short and masked prime presentation, showed facilitation for different stress (orthographically identical) pairs (rasGÓ/RASgo) compared to totally unrelated pairs (dorMÍ/RASgo) but no facilitation compared to orthographically unrelated (but stress related) pairs (PERsa/RASgo). However, identity pairs (RASgo-RASgo) produced facilitation compared to both orthographically unrelated conditions. At long SOA, orthographically related (stress unrelated) pairs produced significant facilitation, as occurred with morphologically related pairs (RASga/RASgo), on the orthographically unrelated words (PERsa/RASgo). CONCLUSION: These results confirm the early and prelexical importance of word stress for lexical selection in Spanish, as is the case with orthographic and phonological features

ANTECEDENTES: muchos pares de palabras en español, en particular muchas formas verbales, difieren solo en la sílaba acentuada, tal como aNImo y aniMÓ. Así el acento puede adquirir un valor contrastivo que fue confirmado por Dupoux, Pallier, Sebastian y Mehler (1997) en español, pero no en francés, en percepción auditiva. MÉTODO: este estudio contrasta el efecto de primado en pares de palabras que difieren en su patrón de acentuación con el efecto de repetición, el primado solo de acento (sin relación ortográfica) y el primado morfológico en reconocimiento visual de palabras. RESULTADOS: usando priming enmascarado se obtuvo facilitación para los pares con diferente acento (rasGÓ/RASgo) comparando con los pares sin relación (dorMÍ/RASgo), pero no se produjo comparando con los no relacionados de igual acento (PERsa/RASgo). Sin embargo, los pares idénticos (RASgo-RASgo) produjeron facilitación comparando con ambas condiciones ortográficamente relacionadas. Con un SOA largo los pares con diferente acento (ortográficamente iguales ) produjeron una facilitación significativa, como ocurrió con los pares relacionados morfológicos (RASga/RASgo), sobre los pares ortográficamente diferentes (PERsa/RASgo). CONCLUSIÓN: estos resultados confirman la importancia del procesamiento temprano y preléxico del acento para la selección léxica en español, como ocurre con las características ortográficas y fonológicas de las palabras

The contrastive value of lexical stress in visual word recognition: Evidence from Spanish.

BACKGROUND: Many pairs of words in Spanish, in particular many verbal forms, differ only in the syllable stressed, such as aNImo (I encourage) and aniMÓ (he encouraged). Consequently, word stress may acquire a lexical contrastive value that has been confirmed by Dupoux, Pallier, Sebastian, and Mehler (1997) for Spanish speakers though not for French speakers in auditory perception. METHOD: This study contrasts the priming effect produced by pairs of written words that differ only in their stress pattern with the priming effect in repetition priming, stress only priming (with no orthographic relation), and morphological priming, in visual word recognition. RESULTS: The results, using short and masked prime presentation, showed facilitation for different stress (orthographically identical) pairs (rasGÓ/RASgo) compared to totally unrelated pairs (rasGÓ/RASgo) but no facilitation compared to orthographically unrelated (but stress related) pairs (PERsa/RASgo). However, identity pairs (RASgo-RASgo) produced facilitation compared to both orthographically unrelated conditions. At long SOA, orthographically related (stress unrelated) pairs produced significant facilitation, as occurred with morphologically related pairs (RASga/RASgo), on the orthographically unrelated words (PERsa/RASgo). CONCLUSION: These results confirm the early and prelexical importance of word stress for lexical selection in Spanish, as is the case with orthographic and phonological features.

Neurociencia cognitiva aplicada / Applied cognitive neuroscience

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Violencia doméstica, abordaje enfermero / Domestic violence, nursing approach

La violencia de género es un hecho del que se está tomando actualmentemayor conciencia por su elevada magnitud, tanto en morbilidad comoen mortalidad, lo que supone un grave problema social y de saludpública.Es de vital importancia el abordaje por el profesional de la salud, sobretodo en Atención Primaria, dado que es un medio cercano para la deteccióntemprana de los casos.El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar una revisión de corte epidemiológicosobre la violencia de género, así como sus factores asociados y consecuenciaspara la salud.También se sugieren algunas recomendaciones y actuaciones para losprofesionales de la salud, especialmente enfermeros, así como medidasde prevención

Domestic violence is a subject of increasing public awareness, givenhigh magnitude, both in morbidity as well as in mortality. Domestic violencerepresents a serious social and public health problem.The approach given by the professional to this issue is of vital importance,mostly in Primary Care, as it is precisely in the primary care settingwhere early detection can be implemented.The aim of this article is to present an epidemiological revision on domesticviolence, as well as its associated factors and consequences forthe health of the individuals involved. Some recommendations are alsosuggested, specially nursing recommendations, as well as preventivemeasures